June 2025 Activity Details - Friday meeting, and Sunday outing to Helidon lowlands.

CLUB MEETING: 7 pm, Friday 6 June 2025  St. Anthony’s Community Centre, Memory Street, Toowoomba 

Assoc. Professor

Tomatoes
Photo from Wikipedia: 
Creative Commons Attribution

John Dearnaley will speak on Australian Serendipita fungi and their interactions with native plants and crops

John Dearnaley is Associate Professor in Plant Microbe Interactions, School of Agriculture & Environmental Science, University of Southern Queensland. 

His research interests include the taxonomy, ecology and economics of Australian fungi, in particular, those that are fungal symbionts of plants. 

He has published widely on this interesting group of fungi during his 30 year research career. 

Currently, he and his students are working on a range of projects centred on the taxonomy, ecology and bioactive properties of rainforest endophytes (fungi that live inside the tissues of plants.) Recent research has found that inoculating plants with Serendipita sp. increased the fresh weight of tomatoes and improved immunity against the powdery mildew pathogen in an alternative, eco-friendly and non-chemical approach. 

Other research includes the taxonomy and ecology of Australian Marasmiaceae (Pinwheel fungi), Australian mammals that eat fungi, fungal biomaterials (materials that are derived from or produced by fungi), and the symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots in agriculture.

CLUB OUTING: Sunday 8th June 2025. Helidon Lowlands

Paynter Rd waterlilies

Meeting Time: 8.30 am

Where: Withcott; the car park beside the Freedom Fuels Service Station 

Description: Normally we head for the hills at Helidon but this month we're never very far from Rocky Creek which meanders into Lockyer Creek west of Helidon.

Activities: We will be visiting a property in Paynter Road along a watercourse, then shrubby woodland on Ashlands Drive (look out for Painted Button-quail), and lastly Helidon Spa for waterbirds.

Level of Fitness: 

Ashlands Drive

There is easy vehicle access to all stops. Easy walking at all stops although walking along the watercourse and around the waterlilies is through a well-grassed paddock. 

What to Bring: 

Helidon Spa

Bring morning tea, lunch, chair and a friend.

  

  

May Outing Report - Hirstglen, Sunday 4 May 2025.

 Lovely weather, good company, beautiful property in an area we don't often visit.

One of the dams on Minglen
Photo: L. Beaton

 Adapted from the TFNC June 2025 newsletter reports of L. Moodie and D. Ford.

Natters in the Hirstglen Valley
Photo: L. Moodie

It was a cool and sunny Sunday morning when we arrived in convoy to the property in the Hirstglen Valley. Our host, Sandy, was generous and informative. After we’d emerged from our assorted vehicles, we gathered to listen to her describe the history of her grazing property and its special features. She has actively contributed to the conservation value of her land and waterways in the 30 years since she arrived.

Bushfires burnt the property in 1994 and again in 2014, which Sandy believes may have favoured the grasses rather than the weeds, though Lantana is now abundant in the wetter areas. Geologically, much of the property is based on cracking black basalt clays with outcrops of Gatton sandstone and pockets of chalk.

Over 200 species of plants have been recorded on the property, including the rare

Austral Toadflax Thesium australe
Photo: L. Moodie

and endangered Austral Toadflax (Thesium australe), a short-lived herb in the Santalaceae family, parasitic on the roots of other plants, particularly kangaroo grass. (for more information on Toadflax link: ).  Part of the hillside where this plant is known to occur has been fenced off to protect it from grazing livestock, and it is contributing to an ongoing study of the ecology of this plant. It has been observed that cattle like to browse on it whereas horses do not. The pasture on the property comprises a number of native grass species including Queensland Blue Grass (Dichanthium sericeum) and Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra), as well as introduced species such as Bissett Creeping Bluegrass (Bothriochloa insculpta), which Sandy believes outcompetes the native bluegrass if significant rains have fallen in early Autumn. A small mob of Eastern Grey Kangaroos hopped away when we arrived to examine the Toadflax.

We are very appreciative of the time Sandy gave us, and her extremely informative talks.

Species Lists

White-banded Plane
Phaedyma shepherdi
Photo: M.Weaver

Birds: Brown Quail, Australasian Grebe, Crested Pigeon, Peaceful Dove, Bar-shouldered Dove, Tawny Frogmouth, Little Pied Cormorant, Little Black Cormorant, White-faced Heron, Australian White Ibis, Masked Lapwing, Little Corella, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Rainbow Lorikeet, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet, Little Lorikeet, Pale-headed Rosella, Pale-headed & Eastern Rosella hybrid, Pheasant Coucal, Fan-tailed Cuckoo, Superb Fairy-wren, Red-backed Fairy-wren, Striated Pardalote, Lewin's Honeyeater, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, Red Wattlebird, Brown Honeyeater, Blue-faced Honeyeater, Noisy Friarbird, Little Friarbird, Grey-crowned Babbler, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Golden Whistler ♀, Rufous Whistler ♀&♂, Grey Butcherbird, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Pied Currawong, Grey Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Torresian Crow, Magpie-lark, Golden-headed Cisticola, Welcome Swallow, Double-barred Finch. 

Marsupials: Eastern Grey Kangaroo. 

Butterflies: Scarlet Jezebel, Monarch, Lesser Wanderer, Meadow Argus, White-banded Plane. 

Bees: Native Bee, possibly a Blue-banded Bee.

May 2025 Activity Details - Friday meeting, and Sunday outing to Hirstglen area.

 CLUB MEETING: 7 pm, Friday 2 May 2025  St. Anthony’s Community Centre, Memory Street, Toowoomba 

Leon Steinhardt
Photo:  Leon's Facebook page

Leon Steinhardt will speak to us on the 'Fossils of the Esk Formation, Brisbane Valley'.  

Leon’s talk will be based on the fossils he has collected personally. He is a retired high school teacher and Head of Department for Social Science. He always had an interest in the physical world around him and became interested in palaeontology when he was told of the very significant fossils in the Esk Formation, after he was transferred to Lowood State High School.

CLUB OUTING: Sunday 4 May 2025. Hirstglen

Meeting Time: 8.00am 

Where: The Lions Park on the corner of the New England Highway and Freyling Road, Hodgson Vale.

Description: This outing to the beautiful Hirstglen Valley in the upper reaches of the Condamine catchment area includes Mt. Hirstglen and one kilometre frontage along Back Creek. There is a variety of birdlife and water rats have been seen in the creek.

Activities: There is easy vehicle access to the property with 4WD vehicle pooling required for the drive to Mt. Hirstglen. It is easy walking around the house and along the creek. 

Level of Fitness: Suits all levels.

What to Bring: suitable clothing and footwear for walking in the bush, sunscreen, insect repellant, water, morning tea and lunch, chair, and the usual naturalist stuff of your choice; binoculars, camera, field guides, notebook, etc.

April Outing Report - Deongwar 6 April 2025

 Adapted from the TFNC May 2025 newsletter reports of C. Stephenson & D. Ford.

Skeletal remains
of the victims
Photo: K. Crompton

April 06 dawned cool and cloudy as we passed Toowoomba’s flourishing trees, lawns, parks and gardens bright with Autumn red, gold and yellow to Deongwar State Forest where huge fallen eucalypts were of great interest with their coverings of rotting leaf and bark litter, fungi, mosses and lichens. Further along the forest track, we entered our destination, a 40 acre Land for Wildlife property, purchased after the devastating 2019 fires.

This property of hoop pine dominated softwood scrub, bordered on three sides by predominantly eucalypt State Forest, was enveloped and destroyed by a huge fiery cloud. Tall, skeletal remains of the victims of the fire towered over the lush, green re-growth. Only two of the hoop pines remained, damaged, but alive. The steadfast work of the owners in clearing lantana, and planting hoop pine and other native seedlings is showing positive results. However, steep slopes and aggressive growth of invasive lantana will be an ongoing challenge.

Over 300mm of welcome rain in March has aided in the rapid regeneration of pioneering species, especially green wattle. (up to 6 metres high). The resilience of eucalypts is evident from the obvious coppicing from the base of burnt trees. Naturally regenerating hoop pine seedlings were seen as we meandered along the walking tracks close to the creek.

Of great interest was the spectacular array of abundant fungi

Chocolate Tube Slime
Stemonitis splendens
Photo: B. Dyke

- so varied in type, size, shape and colour…red, orange, yellow, purple, green, white, cream, brown, all working to decompose the many charred tree trunks and branches on the forest floor or still standing. A peaceful, camouflaged bird hide made by Scott, was a welcome resting spot to listen to the elusive birds in the surrounding bush, before descending, past several brush turkey mounds, and a pleasing mixture of naturally regenerating dry rainforest plants, to the gently flowing creek.

In the creek bed was a tiny waterfall, formed by a buttress root, all that remained of a large fig tree, that had been incinerated in the all-consuming fire. Many thanks to our hosts for their welcome, and willingness to share their property. Their provision of maps, species lists and marked, maintained tracks was most helpful and very much appreciated. We wish them success in their endeavours to reawaken this special place. 

Deongwar species list - 06 April 2025 (Collated by C. Stephenson)

Birds: Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo (in vicinity of Hampton Information Centre), Rainbow Lorikeet, King Parrot, Welcome Swallow, Laughing Kookaburra, Eastern Yellow Robin, Golden Whistler, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Spectacled Monarch, Leaden Flycatcher, Rufous Fantail, Grey Fantail, Willie Wagtail, Eastern Whipbird, Superb Fairy-wren, Yellow-throated Scrub-wren, White-browed Scrub-wren, White-throated Gerygone, Brown Thornbill, White-throated Treecreeper, Lewin’s Honeyeater, Yellow-faced Honeyeater, Brown Honeyeater, Eastern Spinebill, Striated Pardalote, Silvereye, Red-browed Finch, Pied Butcherbird, Australian Magpie, Pied Currawong, Torresian Crow.

Reptiles: Yellow-faced Whipsnake.

Insects: Grass Dart or skipper Ocybadistes sp., Australian Emperor, Yellow Migrant, Wandering Percher, Evening Brown, Blue Skimmer, Brown Ringlet, Hibiscus Harlequin Bug Tectocoris diophthalmus, Monarch Butterfly.

Toowoomba Field Naturalist members went on a NSW camp in March - Armidale & Myall Lakes National Park. The report will be posted later. Watch this space!

April Activity Details - Friday meeting and outing to Deongwar State Forest and surrounds.

Cattle Poison Sawfly
Lophyrotoma interrupta
Photo: Glenda Walter

CLUB MEETING: Friday, 4th  April, 7 pm - St. Anthony’s Community Centre, Memory Street, Toowoomba.

‘Legged and Legless - fauna and flora in Central and Western Australia’ presented by Glenda Walter. 

On retirement to Toowoomba in 2009, David and Wendy Clark, at Bellthorpe, encouraged Glenda to photograph and list the hundreds of species of fungi found on their rainforest property. She then moved on to studying spiders, generally on trips with friends and members of TFNC around Toowoomba. The world of spiders rivalled the fungi in their variety of shapes, colours and habits. Insects came next. 

She photographs the specimens she finds, then posts them on the iNaturalist website where curators and others help with identifications. She has listed more than 7,500 observations, and is also a font of knowledge about the habits of these creatures. In 2023, Glenda was awarded the Entomological Society of Victoria’s ‘Le Souef Award’ for her significant contribution to amateur entomology.  

CLUB OUTING: Sunday 16th March 2025. Deongwar State Forest and surrounds

Greater Gliders have been recorded at Deongwar since the fires
Permission to use this image is under the GNU Free Documentation License,
owner benjamint444

Time: 8.30am

Where: Hampton on the corner of the New England Highway and the Hampton-Esk Road.

Description: After stopping briefly in Deongwar we will continue to a nearby ‘Land for Wildlife’ property which is historically hoop pine dominated dry vine forest, and it contains a number of local ecosystems. 

Activities: A chance to study regrowth after the 2019 bushfire.

Level of Fitness: There are well maintained easy walking tracks clearly marked on maps available at the property. There is also easy access for all vehicles.

What to Bring: suitable clothing and footwear for walking in the bush, sunscreen, insect repellant, water, morning tea and lunch, chair, and the usual naturalist stuff of your choice; binoculars, camera, field guides, notebook, etc.

March Outing Report - parks in North Toowoomba 14 March 2025

 Adapted from the TFNC April 2025 newsletter report of B. Gundry.

TRC Parks of North Toowoomba

McKenzie St Lookout, Toowoomba

This outing had been rescheduled courtesy of the much vaunted Cyclone Alfred. The Field Nats assembled at Horn Park on a fine dewy morning, heralding a warm day to follow. Others joined in as the morning progressed. (Dr. Alex Horn had donated this land to Council in the early 20th Century.) Our attention was first drawn to 6 to 7 Black Kites Milvus migrans, just soaring above the trees adjacent to the Bridge Clubhouse. We could ascertain no reason for this aggregation, other than that they were also enjoying their early autumnal morning ….

Our second stop was at the end of Henry Street to visit a huge Moreton Bay Fig just inside the former Rifle Range Reserve. This tree was planted by Eric French prior to his enlistment in the AIF in 1916. He survived the war but lived the rest of his life as a dentist in Brisbane. I was surprised that it was such a huge tree for its 110 years.

Hoop Pine
Araucaria cunninghamii
at Boyce Gardens

Our morning tea break was at Woodward Park in Alfred Street, followed the top of North Street, a newly renovated park, Bunya Park on the corner of Geoffrey and Mackenzie Streets …. The name was inspired by the Bunya pines planted by Duncan Munro who developed the property in the 1880s. The park now showcases pines in the Araucariaceae family; the Bunya Pine Araucaria bidwilli, the Hoop Pine Araucaria cunninghamii and the Norfolk Island Pine Araucaria heterophylla, as well as several other pines.

A drive to the very northern end of Mackenzie Street brought us to the eastern edge of the
range where the waterfall from the end of Rifle Range Road was still trickling after the recent rain ….

Lunch was relished in the shady gardens overlooking the original pool and water feature of Boyce Gardens. Not everyone took the rainforest walk, but with the recent UQ and Boyce Trust upgrade with historical markers, it concluded a warm sunny day enjoyed by all.

All photos: B. Weller

March activity details - Friday 14 March 2025 and Sunday 16 March 2025. Parks across North Toowoomba

CLUB MEETING: Friday, 14th  March, 7 pm - 

Golden-shouldered Parrot country

St. Anthony’s Community Centre, Memory Street, Toowoomba.

“The Golden-shouldered Parrot, a retrospective on its discovery and field research” presented by Mark Weaver. During the 1970s and 1980s, Mark was based in Cairns as a District Wildlife Ranger. While there, he undertook numerous field trips into the Cape York Peninsula region 

and became involved in opportunistic field research on this endangered parrot.

CLUB OUTING: Sunday 16th March 2025. Parks in North Toowoomba

Meeting Time: 8.30am

Where: Horn Park in Stuart Street

Description: A tag-along tour which will include the Rifle Range, Mt. Lofty, several small parks and finish in the recently upgraded car park off Range Road at the Boyce Gardens. Morning tea along the way and lunch in the Boyce Gardens. 

Activities: This outing will be to some of the Council Parks across North Toowoomba. This will enable people a chance to assess Council plantings and to make suggestions about the vegetation and management of our large and small parks.

Level of Fitness: easy access and easy walking for all

What to Bring: suitable clothing and footwear for walking in the bush, sunscreen, insect repellant, water, morning tea and lunch, chair, and the usual naturalist stuff of your choice; binoculars, camera, field guides, notebook, etc.

February Outing Report - two properties in the Grantham area, 09 February 2025

Varied Eggfly butterflies,
one female and several males
Photo: B. Weller

 Adapted from the TFNC March 2025 newsletter report of P. Allen.

The Garden of Eden - 19 members and guests set off for the butterfly farm owned and run by Ray and Delphine Archer. A large, fully netted butterfly enclosure was alive with hundreds of butterflies, predominately Common or Varied Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina of both sexes. There was a variety of other species in smaller numbers and a few members were lucky enough to see a female Cairns Birdwing Butterfly Ornithoptera richmondia. The variety of food and nectar plants, including both vegetables, exotic and native plants was in itself fascinating and a few of us were clearly planning to add some to our own gardens. 

Inside the butterfly house
Photo: B. Weller

Ray explained that the huge predominance of the Common Eggfly is deliberate as this is the butterfly most likely to land on both plants (and people) which makes photography easier for the many visitors. A glassed-in room at the end of the enclosure was good for observing the breeding of various butterflies.

We enjoyed our morning tea under shady trees outside where the owners had planted other butterfly attracting plants, like Pigeon Pea Cajanus cajan and Plumbago sp. The latter attracting numerous species while we were there.

We then moved on to the next property at the edge of the Helidon Hills. This 40 acre property included a variety of ecosystems, including open grassy areas, a man-made rainforest area but mostly a steep, hillside leading down to a creek, which was where most of the locally endemic plants were found.

Autumn Cluster Moth
Dichomeris capnites
Photo: M. Simmons

As usual the Natters scattered, some down to the creek while several members were fully occupied exploring the small but fascinating rainforest area that the owners had created. With two ponds and a variety of plant species this area was alive with interesting creatures including numerous dragonflies and  damselflies. An intriguing moth which had settled in huge numbers on some leaves of a tree was later identified as the Autumn Cluster Moth, Dichomeris capnites.

Species list for the day, compiled from members' observations:

Butterflies: Chequered Swallowtail, Large Grass Yellow, Small Grass Yellow, Common Eggfly, Lemon Migrant, Caper White, Common Crow, Brown Soldier, Black Margined Yellow, Monarch, Australian Wanderer, White Banded Plane, Small Green Banded Blue, Plumbago Blue, Tailed Emperor, Orchard Swallowtail, Richmond Birdwing.

Moths: Joseph's Coat Moth, Autumn Cluster Moth.

Spiders: Ant eating Jumping Spider, St Andrew's Cross Spider, Christmas Jewel Spider, Giant Golden Orb Weaver, Nephilidae pilipes; Tent Spider or Tent-web Spider, Cyrtophora moluccensis.

Birds: Straw necked Ibis, Brown-cuckoo Dove, Pale-headed Rosella, Striated Pardalote, Brown Honeyeater, Grey Shrike-thrush, Willie Wagtail, Spangled Drongo, Peaceful Dove.

Flora: White Cedar, Meila azedarach; Helidon Hills White Mahogany, Eucalyptus helidonica; Acacia podalyriifolia; Acacia hispidula; Acacia penninervis; Bailey's Stringybark, Eucalyptus baileyana; Soap Tree, Alphitonia excelsa; Native Coffee Bush, Breynia oblongifolia; Yellow Buttons, Chrysocephalum apiculatum; Moreton Bay Ash, Eucalyptus tessellaris; Dogwood, Jacksonia scoparia; Poison Peach, Trema tomentosa; Barbed wire Grass, Cymbopogon refractus; Kangaroo Grass, Themeda triandra; a Geebung, Persoonia sp.; Barbed wire vine, Smilax australis; Cupid’s Lipstick (?); Long leaved Bitter pea, Daviesia wyattiana.

February activity details - Sunday 09 February 2025. Butterfly Farm and McGarvas Road, Grantham

CLUB MEETING: 7 pm, Friday 07 February 

St. Anthony’s Community Centre, Memory Street, Toowoomba 

Five speakers ‘from the floor’ on ‘Close Encounters of the Natural History Kind.’

CLUB OUTING: Sunday 09 February 2025. Butterfly Farm and McGarvas Road, Grantham

$5.00 entry fee (cash only – no credit card availability) 

Time: 9.00am

Where to meet: James Norman Hedges Park at Helidon. This is the park on the left (northern) side of the Warrego Highway immediately before crossing Lockyer Creek at Helidon.

Description: This will allow birdwatchers time to wander around the creek before leaving at 9.30 am for the ‘Garden of Eden’ Butterfly Farm 6 kilometres from Helidon on Conners Road. There is a $5.00 entry fee (cash only – no credit card availability) to this peaceful sanctuary owned and run by Ray and Delphine Archer.

Please note - As butterflies are not active on cloudy and rainy days, this outing remains subject to change at short notice.  

On leaving the Butterfly Farm we will continue along Conners Road to McGarvas Road which rises high to a sandstone plateau. We will a property where the owners are enjoying a ‘tree change’ and happy for us to have lunch and wander around. There is much to see for those with limited mobility and a more strenuous walk down a creek for those so inclined. There is suitable access for all vehicles. 

Non-members: Please email us if you have any queries.

Level of Fitness: Activities to suit all levels.

What to Bring: suitable clothing and footwear for walking in the bush, sunscreen, insect repellant, water, morning tea and lunch, chair, and the usual naturalist stuff of your choice; binoculars, camera, field guides, notebook, etc.

November Outing Report - Glen Lomond Conservation Park, 03 November 2024

Hell Hole Falls with columnar basalt. 

Adapted from the TFNC December newsletter reports of M. Compton and B. Gundry

Our outing was a special day, one seemingly suspended in a kind of dreamtime. It was a glorious spring day in which to have an almost “Hanging Rock” timeless experience in Glen Lomond Conservation Park at the southern end of the escarpment.

We are all used to the indications of serious volcanic activity in the Toowoomba vicinity, especially obviously so with the flat-topped cone of Tabletop. But how about the other way round - a reverse cone down into the earth? For our November excursion we visited the very impressive mouth of a volcano in this park at the south-east corner of the eastern range. Here, we stood at the edge of this geological phenomenon and gazed deep into the funnel created when the boiling magma blew out of the depths and into the air. Giant basalt columns line the sides of the mouth, while a modest creek has cut a “V” in one side, trickling over as Hell Hole Creek and making its way to join Flagstone Creek. The ancient history of the area is palpable, and its impressive grandeur makes a great impact. 

Close by is an open area of grassland about the size of a cricket ground, with shelter sheds. Of course, the field nats set themselves up very comfortably in one of these and proceeded to enjoy the day “spaced out” in a naturalist kind of way. 

Some members set off for the walk to a waterfall deep within the park, returning with enthusiastic reports of the experience, but saying quite honestly that it wasn’t an easy walk. 

The “falls” occurred over exposed, hexagonal columnar basalt and the scatter of rocks of the plunge pool were likewise of basalt, but there was some softer material which initially was thought of a type of tuff. On further investigation it was a mass of matted biotic materials. Where there is water, there will be a living response. Here, plants, living and dead, clung to the moist basalt, creating a matted vegetative layer, in places only half a centimetre thick, but the more central masses may have been 10-20 centimetres thick. The entire mass was about 5-6 metres high at the apex and about three metres wide across the base. The entire moist biotic mass may have weighed over 1 tonne and looked something less than stable.

Meanwhile others, in the wont of Natters, scattered into the area adjacent to the shelter shed to enjoy their naturalizing.

Species List; Glen Lomond Park, Middle Ridge, Toowoomba (compiled by R. Hobson from members' observations)
Birds: Australian Brush-turkey, Wonga Pigeon, Crested Pigeon, Eastern Great Egret x 1 (overhead), Dollarbird, Peregrine Falcon x 1 (dead), Little Corella, Sulphur-crested Cockatoo, Rainbow Lorikeet, Scaly-breasted Lorikeet, Satin Bowerbird, White-throated Treecreeper, Superb Fairy-wren, Noisy Friarbird, Brown Honeyeater, Lewin’s Honeyeater, Noisy Miner, White-browed Scrubwren, Striated Thornbill, Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike, Common Cicadabird, Rufous Whistler, Grey Shrike-thrush, Eastern Whipbird, Pied Currawong, Australian Magpie, Spangled Drongo, Torresian Crow, Leaden Flycatcher, Eastern Yellow Robin, Mistletoebird, Silvereye Amphibians: Common Green Treefrog Litoria caerulea Reptiles (lizards): Scute-snouted Calyptotis Calyptotis scutirostrum, Lace Monitor Varanus varius Dragonflies and Damselflies: Australian Emperor Anax papuensis, Australian Emerald Hemicordulia australiae; Blue Skimmer Orthetrum caledonicum Grasshoppers and Crickets: Hedge Grasshopper Valanga irregularis, Field Cricket Teleogryllus commodus Cicadas: Black Tree Ticker Cicada Birrima varians Butterflies and Moths: Orchard Swallowtail Papilio a. aegeus, Chequered Swallowtail Papilio demoleus sthenelus, Dainty Swallowtail Papilio anactus, White Migrant Catopsilia pyranthe crokera, Yellow Migrant Catopsilia g. gorgophone, Caper White Belenois java teutonia, Scarlet Jezebel Delias a. argenthona, Lesser Wanderer Danaus petilia, Monarch Danaus plexippus, Common Crow Euploea corinna, Glasswing Acraea a. andromacha, Meadow Argus Junonia v. villida, Tailed Emperor Charaxes s. sempronius, Grey Ringlet Hypocysta pseudirius, Common Grass-blue Zizina otis labradus Beetles: a small green beetle Diphucephala sp. (very common esp. on Soap Tree Alphitonia excelsa) Ants: Giant Bull Ant Myrmecia gulosa, Green-head Ant Rhytidoponera metallica, Daemel’s Spiny Ant Polyrhachis daemeli, Southern Meat Ant Iridomyrmex purpureus